In the previous tutorial we looked at printing R objects using the print and cat functions. In this tutorial we look at Pretty printing in R using the Format function.. If R encounters a custom object then it calls the toString() generic method of that object. The sprintF method is a wrapper over C’s sprintf … Read more

In this tutorial we look at functions to print values on R console or file.. The values are normally printed on the console since that is the default sink, but you can specify that the output be sent to a file by opening up a sink to the file. we will see an example of … Read more

In this tutorial we look at how to write functions in R. What are functions? Functions are user defined pieces of code that perform a desired operation on given input(s) and return the output back to the user. The main characteristics of functions are: They contain lines of code enclosed within a body. The variable … Read more

In the previous tutorial we looked at the apply group of functions. In this example we look at mapply and by functions.

In the previous tutorial we saw the different control structures in R. In this tutorial we will look at the following R functions – apply, lapply, sapply, tapply, simplify2array apply The apply function can be used apply a function over specific elements of an array (or matrix). The result is a vector, list or another array. Lets … Read more

This tutorial looks at some of the common control structures in R. Control Structures define the flow of the program and decides which path the program takes. This decision is based on the evaluation of a variable. These are the basic types of control structures: Introduction if a variable satisfies a particular condition follow path … Read more

In the previous tutorial we saw an introduction to factors and data frames in R. In this tutorial we look at some more functions that can be used on data frames. Multiple columns into single column – stack() The first function that we look at today is the stack function. It can be used to … Read more

In the earlier tutorials we learnt vectors, list, arrays and matrix. In this tutorial we will look at factors and data frame Factors Factors in R store categorical data. Categorical data has discreet values. For example, a vector of months of births of students in a class contains discreet values or categorical data. Their class … Read more

In the previous tutorial we saw atomic vectors and list. In this tutorial we look at Matrix and Array in R. Array An array is a vector with additional attributes dim which stores the dimension of the array and dimnames which stores the names of the dimensions. Here’s an example: > array(1:8,dim=c(2,2,2)) , , 1 … Read more

The basic data structures in R can be divided in to two types Types of data structures Homogeneous All the elements in the data structure are of same type (string, number, boolean etc) Heterogeneous The elements in the data structure can be of mixed type. Basic Data structures in R Here are the basic data … Read more